Note
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QPF (Hong Kong)
This example demonstrates how to perform operational deterministic QPF up to three hours from raingauge and radar data, using data from Hong Kong.
Definitions
import os
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import xarray as xr
import cartopy.feature as cfeature
import cartopy.crs as ccrs
import cartopy.io.shapereader as shpreader
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.colors import BoundaryNorm, ListedColormap
from pyresample import utils
from swirlspy.rad.iris import read_iris_grid
from swirlspy.qpe.utils import locate_file, timestamps_ending
from swirlspy.qpf import rover
from swirlspy.qpf import sla
from swirlspy.utils import standardize_attr, FrameType
from swirlspy.utils.conversion import to_rainfall_depth, acc_rainfall_depth
from swirlspy.core.resample import grid_resample
plt.switch_backend('agg')
THIS_DIR = os.getcwd()
os.chdir(THIS_DIR)
start_time = pd.Timestamp.now()
Initialising
This section demonstrates extracting radar reflectivity data.
Step 1: Define a basetime.
# Supply basetime
basetime = pd.Timestamp('201902190800')
Step 2: Using basetime, generate timestamps of desired radar files timestamps_ending() and locate files using locate_file().
# Obtain radar files
dir = THIS_DIR + '/../tests/samples/iris/ppi'
located_files = []
radar_ts = timestamps_ending(
basetime,
duration=pd.Timedelta(60, 'm')
)
for timestamp in radar_ts:
located_files.append(locate_file(dir, timestamp))
Step 3: Read data from radar files into xarray.DataArray using read_iris_grid().
reflectivity_list = [] # stores reflec from read_iris_grid()
for filename in located_files:
reflec = read_iris_grid(
filename
)
reflectivity_list.append(reflec)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/tmp/build/docs/swirlspy/swirlspy/examples/qpf_hk.py", line 75, in <module>
filename
File "/tmp/build/docs/swirlspy/swirlspy/rad/_iris.py", line 407, in read_iris_grid
raise ValueError("Invalid file") from e
ValueError: Invalid file
Step 4: Define the target grid as a pyresample AreaDefinition.
# Defining target grid
area_id = "hk1980_250km"
description = ("A 1km resolution rectangular grid "
"centred at HKO and extending to 250 km "
"in each direction in HK1980 easting/northing coordinates")
proj_id = 'hk1980'
projection = ('+proj=tmerc +lat_0=22.31213333333334 '
'+lon_0=114.1785555555556 +k=1 +x_0=836694.05 '
'+y_0=819069.8 +ellps=intl +towgs84=-162.619,-276.959,'
'-161.764,0.067753,-2.24365,-1.15883,-1.09425 +units=m '
'+no_defs')
x_size = 500
y_size = 500
area_extent = (587000, 569000, 1087000, 1069000)
area_def_tgt = utils.get_area_def(
area_id, description, proj_id, projection, x_size, y_size, area_extent
)
Step 5: Reproject the radar data from read_iris_grid() from Centered Azimuthal (source) projection to HK 1980 (target) projection.
# Extracting the AreaDefinition of the source projection
area_def_src = reflectivity_list[0].attrs['area_def']
# Reprojecting
reproj_reflectivity_list = []
for reflec in reflectivity_list:
reproj_reflec = grid_resample(
reflec, area_def_src, area_def_tgt,
coord_label=['easting', 'northing']
)
reproj_reflectivity_list.append(reproj_reflec)
Step 6: Assigning reflectivity xarrays at the last two timestamps to variables for use during ROVER QPF.
initialising_time = pd.Timestamp.now()
Running ROVER and Semi-Lagrangian Advection
Concatenate two reflectivity xarrays along time dimension.
Run ROVER, with the concatenated xarray as the input.
Perform Semi-Lagrangian Advection using the motion fields from rover.
# Combining the two reflectivity DataArrays
# the order of the coordinate keys is now ['y', 'x', 'time']
# as opposed to ['time', 'x', 'y']
reflec_concat = xr.concat(reproj_reflectivity_list, dim='time')
standardize_attr(reflec_concat, frame_type=FrameType.dBZ, zero_value=9999.)
# Rover
motion = rover(reflec_concat)
rover_time = pd.Timestamp.now()
# Semi Lagrangian Advection
reflectivity = sla(
reflec_concat, motion, 30
)
sla_time = pd.Timestamp.now()
Concatenating observed and forecasted reflectivities
Add forecasted reflectivity to reproj_reflectivity_list.
Concatenate observed and forecasted reflectivity xarray.DataArrays along the time dimension.
reflectivity = xr.concat([reflec_concat[:-1, ...], reflectivity], dim='time')
reflectivity.attrs['long_name'] = 'Reflectivity'
standardize_attr(reflectivity)
concat_time = pd.Timestamp.now()
Generating radar reflectivity maps
Define the color scale and format of the plots and plot using xarray.plot().
In this example, only hourly images will be plotted.
# Defining colour scale and format
levels = [
-32768,
10, 15, 20, 24, 28, 32,
34, 38, 41, 44, 47, 50,
53, 56, 58, 60, 62
]
cmap = ListedColormap([
'#FFFFFF', '#08C5F5', '#0091F3', '#3898FF', '#008243', '#00A433',
'#00D100', '#01F508', '#77FF00', '#E0D100', '#FFDC01', '#EEB200',
'#F08100', '#F00101', '#E20200', '#B40466', '#ED02F0'
])
norm = BoundaryNorm(levels, ncolors=cmap.N, clip=True)
# Defining the crs
crs = area_def_tgt.to_cartopy_crs()
# Generating a timelist for every hour
timelist = [
(basetime + pd.Timedelta(60*i-6, 'm')) for i in range(4)
]
# Obtaining the slice of the xarray to be plotted
da_plot = reflectivity.sel(time=timelist)
# Defining motion quivers
qx = motion.coords['easting'].values[::5]
qy = motion.coords['northing'].values[::5]
qu = motion.values[0, ::5, ::5]
qv = motion.values[1, ::5, ::5]
# Defining coastlines
map_shape_file = os.path.join(THIS_DIR, "./../tests/samples/shape/rsmc")
ocean_color = np.array([[[178, 208, 254]]], dtype=np.uint8)
land_color = cfeature.COLORS['land']
coastline = cfeature.ShapelyFeature(
list(shpreader.Reader(map_shape_file).geometries()),
ccrs.PlateCarree()
)
# Plotting
p = da_plot.plot(
col='time', col_wrap=2,
subplot_kws={'projection': crs},
cbar_kwargs={
'extend': 'max',
'ticks': levels[1:],
'format': '%.3g'
},
cmap=cmap,
norm=norm
)
for idx, ax in enumerate(p.axes.flat):
# ocean
ax.imshow(np.tile(ocean_color, [2, 2, 1]),
origin='upper',
transform=ccrs.PlateCarree(),
extent=[-180, 180, -180, 180],
zorder=-1)
# coastline, color
ax.add_feature(coastline,
facecolor=land_color, edgecolor='none', zorder=0)
# overlay coastline without color
ax.add_feature(coastline, facecolor='none',
edgecolor='gray', linewidth=0.5, zorder=3)
ax.quiver(qx, qy, qu, qv, pivot='mid', regrid_shape=20)
ax.gridlines()
ax.set_title(
"Reflectivity\n"
f"Based @ {basetime.strftime('%H:%MH')}",
loc='left',
fontsize=9
)
ax.set_title(
''
)
ax.set_title(
f"{basetime.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')} \n"
f"Valid @ {timelist[idx].strftime('%H:%MH')} ",
loc='right',
fontsize=9
)
plt.savefig(
THIS_DIR +
f"/../tests/outputs/rover-output-map-hk.png",
dpi=300
)
radar_image_time = pd.Timestamp.now()
Accumulating hourly rainfall for 3-hour forecast
Hourly accumulated rainfall is calculated every 30 minutes, the first endtime is the basetime i.e. T+0min.
Convert reflectivity in dBZ to rainfalls in 6 mins with to_rainfall_depth().
Changing time coordinates of xarray from start time to endtime.
Accumulate hourly rainfall every 30 minutes using multiple_acc().
# Convert reflectivity to rainrates
rainfalls = to_rainfall_depth(reflectivity, a=58.53, b=1.56)
# Converting the coordinates of xarray from start to endtime
rainfalls.coords['time'] = [
pd.Timestamp(t) + pd.Timedelta(6, 'm')
for t in rainfalls.coords['time'].values
]
# Accumulate hourly rainfall every 30 minutes
acc_rf = acc_rainfall_depth(
rainfalls,
basetime,
basetime + pd.Timedelta(hours=3)
)
acc_rf.attrs['long_name'] = 'Rainfall accumulated over the past 60 minutes'
acc_time = pd.Timestamp.now()
Plotting rainfall maps
Define the colour scheme and format and plot using xarray.plot().
In this example, only hourly images will be plotted.
# Defining the colour scheme
levels = [
0, 0.5, 2, 5, 10, 20,
30, 40, 50, 70, 100, 150,
200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700
]
cmap = ListedColormap([
'#ffffff', '#9bf7f7', '#00ffff', '#00d5cc', '#00bd3d', '#2fd646',
'#9de843', '#ffdd41', '#ffac33', '#ff621e', '#d23211', '#9d0063',
'#e300ae', '#ff00ce', '#ff57da', '#ff8de6', '#ffe4fd'
])
norm = BoundaryNorm(levels, ncolors=cmap.N, clip=True)
# Defining projection
crs = area_def_tgt.to_cartopy_crs()
# Defining zoom extent
r = 64000
proj_site = acc_rf.proj_site
zoom = (
proj_site[0]-r, proj_site[0]+r, proj_site[1]-r, proj_site[1]+r
) # (x0, x1, y0, y1)
# Defining times for plotting
timelist = [basetime + pd.Timedelta(i, 'h') for i in range(4)]
# Obtaining xarray slice to be plotted
da_plot = acc_rf.sel(
easting=slice(zoom[0], zoom[1]),
northing=slice(zoom[3], zoom[2]),
time=timelist
)
# Plotting
p = da_plot.plot(
col='time', col_wrap=2,
subplot_kws={'projection': crs},
cbar_kwargs={
'extend': 'max',
'ticks': levels,
'format': '%.3g'
},
cmap=cmap,
norm=norm
)
for idx, ax in enumerate(p.axes.flat):
# ocean
ax.imshow(np.tile(ocean_color, [2, 2, 1]),
origin='upper',
transform=ccrs.PlateCarree(),
extent=[-180, 180, -180, 180],
zorder=-1)
# coastline, color
ax.add_feature(coastline,
facecolor=land_color, edgecolor='none', zorder=0)
# overlay coastline without color
ax.add_feature(coastline, facecolor='none',
edgecolor='gray', linewidth=0.5, zorder=3)
ax.gridlines()
ax.set_xlim(zoom[0], zoom[1])
ax.set_ylim(zoom[2], zoom[3])
ax.set_title(
"Past Hour Rainfall\n"
f"Based @ {basetime.strftime('%H:%MH')}",
loc='left',
fontsize=8
)
ax.set_title(
''
)
ax.set_title(
f"{basetime.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')} \n"
f"Valid @ {timelist[idx].strftime('%H:%MH')} ",
loc='right',
fontsize=8
)
plt.savefig(
THIS_DIR +
f"/../tests/outputs/rainfall_hk.png",
dpi=300
)
rf_image_time = pd.Timestamp.now()
Extract the rainfall values at a specified location
In this example, the rainfall values at the location is assumed to be the same as the nearest gridpoint.
Read information regarding the rain gauge stations into a pandas.DataFrame.
Extract the rainfall values at the nearest gridpoint to location for given times (in this example, 30 minute intervals).
Store rainfall values over time in a pandas.DataFrame.
Plot the time series of rainfall at different stations.
# Getting rain gauge station coordinates
df = pd.read_csv(
os.path.join(THIS_DIR, "../tests/samples/hk_raingauge.csv"),
usecols=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
)
# Extract rainfall values at gridpoint closest to the
# location specified for given timesteps and storing it
# in pandas.DataFrame.
rf_time = []
for time in acc_rf.coords['time'].values:
rf = []
for index, row in df.iterrows():
rf.append(acc_rf.sel(
time=time, northing=row[1],
easting=row[2],
method='nearest'
).values)
rf_time.append(rf)
rf_time = np.array(rf_time)
station_rf = pd.DataFrame(
data=rf_time,
columns=df.iloc[:, 0],
index=pd.Index(
acc_rf.coords['time'].values,
name='time'
)
)
print(station_rf)
# Plotting time series graph
ax = station_rf.plot(title="Time Series of Hourly Accumulated Rainfall",
grid=True)
ax.set_ylabel("Hourly Accumulated Rainfall (mm)")
plt.savefig(THIS_DIR+"/../tests/outputs/qpf_time_series.png")
extract_time = pd.Timestamp.now()
Checking run time of each component
print(f"Start time: {start_time}")
print(f"Initialising time: {initialising_time}")
print(f"Rover time: {rover_time}")
print(f"SLA time: {sla_time}")
print(f"Concatenating time: {concat_time}")
print(f"Plotting radar image time: {radar_image_time}")
print(f"Accumulating rainfall time: {acc_time}")
print(f"Plotting rainfall map time: {rf_image_time}")
print(f"Extracting and plotting time series time: {extract_time}")
print(f"Time to initialise: {initialising_time-start_time}")
print(f"Time to run rover: {rover_time-initialising_time}")
print(f"Time to perform SLA: {sla_time-rover_time}")
print(f"Time to concatenate xarrays: {concat_time - sla_time}")
print(f"Time to plot radar image: {radar_image_time - concat_time}")
print(f"Time to accumulate rainfall: {acc_time - radar_image_time}")
print(f"Time to plot rainfall maps: {rf_image_time-acc_time}")
print(f"Time to extract and plot time series: {extract_time-rf_image_time}")
Total running time of the script: ( 0 minutes 0.008 seconds)